Bitcoin



Bitcoin is an open source peer-to-peer system developed by Satoshi Nakamoto that aims to provide electronic cash. The system has no central server or trusted parties. Bitcoin relies on cryptographic principles to create unique, unreproducible, and divisible tokens. Users hold the cryptographic keys to their own tokens and transact directly with each other, with the help of the network to check for double-spending.

Technical basis


Bitcoin is an implementation of Wei Dai's b-money proposal on Cypherpunks in 1998 and Nick Szabo's Bitgold proposal. The principles of the system are described in the Bitcoin White Paper.

A user on the network has one or several cryptographic identifiers (ECDSA keypairs), which represent their wallet. The public key counterpart of this wallet is called an address. The private key, stored only on the user's computer, is used to authorize payments from the user. The wallet or address contain no information about their owner, so they are effectively anonymous.

Each coin of the Bitcoin system has its owner's public key on it. The owner can transfer it further by adding the recipient's public key on it, signing it with his private key and broadcasting the transaction to the network. This way, each coin contains its cryptographic ownership history from the creator of the coin to its current owner.

To prevent users from double-spending their coins (signing the same coin for many recipients), transactions are timestamped by the network with a proof-of-work system. The network collects and records new transactions into a chain of blocks. Nodes of the network are constantly racing to complete these blocks by finding a value, that summed up with the block and the hash of the previous block, produces an SHA-256 hash containing a certain amount of leading zero bits. The average work required by this operation can be calculated and used to timestamp the block's transactions, so that they cannot be invalidated by later double-spending.

The incentive to use CPU time for running the system is that new coins are created and assigned to the node that manages to complete the new block first. This method of coin creation "was designed to be a digital analogue to gold and silver mining". Once a node successfully creates a block, it broadcasts the block to the network. Other nodes receive the block, perform a proof-of-work check, and add it to their chain if it is valid. As more transactions occur, blocks are created and added ad infinitum. The longest proof-of-work block chain is acknowledged to be the oldest and most reliable account of the transaction history.

This mechanism is claimed to be virtually tamper-proof. For an attacker to manipulate the record, he must outpace all of the other nodes on the network to produce the longest proof-of-work. This becomes exponentially more difficult as time passes, because such "tampered" chains would continuously be rejected by nodes attempting to build a valid chain.

Bitcoin is a completely peer-to-peer network, and every node is able to enter or leave the network at will. When a node joins the network, the longest proof-of-work is automatically accepted as the most reliable one.

Economic aspects
The average rate of Bitcoin production is tapered such that over time the total number of Bitcoins will approach 21,000,000. After this point, no further Bitcoin production is possible. In this environment of limited supply and in situations where large numbers of Bitcoins are either lost or destroyed, the electronic divisibility of Bitcoins is argued to be conducive to downward price adjustments with no practical limitations in the actual storage or transport of Bitcoin value. Rather than relying on the incentive of newly created Bitcoins to package transactions, nodes in this period will likely depend more heavily on their ability to competitively collect transaction fees to process Bitcoin transactions into blocks.

Monetary and financial benefits
Given the decentralized nature of Bitcoin and the hard coding of rules within the software, potential users claim various monetary and financial benefits :


 * Direct transfer via the internet without a trusted middleman or financial processor.
 * Third parties cannot prevent or control transactions.
 * Transactions are practically free.
 * Bitcoin value is unconnected to possible instability caused by fractional reserve banking and poor central bank policy (see Austrian business cycle theory).
 * Corrupted transactions created by hacked or modified clients are rejected by honest clients.
 * The limited inflation of the Bitcoin system’s money supply is distributed evenly by CPU power throughout the network and programmatically created at a rate known to all parties in advance. Inflation cannot therefore be centrally manipulated to effect redistribution of Bitcoin value from general users.
 * Given the predetermined rate of Bitcoin creation, the system is further protected against wild swings in supply due to externalities sometimes seen with traditional commodity currencies (see Fall of the Rupee due to large discoveries of silver reserves in the New World).
 * Bitcoins are potentially divisible to eight decimal points. There are therefore no practical limitations to downward price adjustments in a deflationary environment.

According to the author, the design also supports a variety of possible transaction types that have yet to be implemented within the currently available client. These include escrow transactions, surety bond contracts, third party arbitration, and multi-party signatures.

Acceptance
As of august 2010 there are roughly 30 sites accepting payment via Bitcoin, spanning areas such as digital telephony services , currency trading systems , online games   , physical goods  , advertising services  , auction systems , web hosting , computer security auditing and other online services. The Electronic Frontier Foundation [EFF] has switched to accepting donations in Bitcoins through BitPay.

In October, 2013, the first Bitcoin ATM was opened in Vancouver, Canada.

Links

 * Bitcoin.org
 * Bitcoin wiki
 * Bitcoin at sourceforge
 * news.slashdot.org
 * p2pfoundation.net
 * Bitcoin and the Wild West, Modeled Behaviour blog.
 * dailypaul.com
 * reddit.com
 * Russian blog
 * linux.org.ru
 * Currencies of the Future by Douglas French, November 2012
 * Virtual currency schemes (pdf), European Central Bank, October 2012
 * Canadian man to sell house for Bitcoin virtual currency, BBC, March 2013
 * The coming political battle over Bitcoin by Timothy B. Lee, May 2013
 * The Future of Bitcoin by Robert Wenzel, May 2013
 * Every Important Person In Bitcoin Just Got Subpoenaed By New York's Financial Regulator, Kashmir Hill, August 2013
 * An overview of Bitcoin Video, Stevan Litobac, September 2013
 * The Silk Road Is Dead. But Bitcoin Lives On by Robert McMillan, October 2013
 * Bitcoin: More than Money by Jerry Brito, December 2013
 * Bitcoin Bank Run by David Howden, February 2014
 * Watching Mt. Gox Collapse from the Inside by Jeffrey A. Tucker, February 2014
 * Is Bitcoin the Key to Digital Copyright? by Jerry Brito, February 2014
 * Bitcoin Bank Run by David Howden, February 2014
 * Watching Mt. Gox Collapse from the Inside by Jeffrey A. Tucker, February 2014
 * Is Bitcoin the Key to Digital Copyright? by Jerry Brito, February 2014