Private alternatives to public goods

This page leads to examples and thoughts about public goods and how they can be supplied by private, voluntary means (i.e. without a government).

Public goods
It is hard to exclude people from the consumption of a public good (the "free rider problem") and it can be consumed without diminishing anyone else's enjoyment. Because these goods will not be produced in a sufficient amount, or at all, they should be produced by the government - or so it is commonly thought.

There are numerous examples of public goods, possibly the most widespread is national defense: "To the extent one person in a geographic area is defended from foreign attack or invasion, other people in that same area are likely defended also. This makes it hard to charge people for defense, which means that defense faces the classic free-rider problem. Indeed, almost all economists are convinced that the only way to provide a sufficient level of defense is to have government do it and fund defense with taxes."

Security and safety:

 * Private laws
 * Private dispute resolution (arbitration)
 * Private defense and private defense agencies
 * Private police
 * Private prisons
 * Private prosecution
 * Private emergency services (includes firefighting)
 * Private healthcare

Infrastructure:

 * Private roads
 * Private infrastructure
 * Private utilities (includes sanitation)
 * Private schools

Welfare and other:

 * Friendly societies, a voluntary form of Social security
 * Private unemployment programs
 * Charity
 * Private libraries
 * Contractual communities (voluntary societies; see also Zoning laws)
 * Agriculture (without subsidies)

Links

 * Fifty Ways to Leave Leviathan by max Borders, Jeffrey A. Tucker, October 2013
 * Private Cities 101 by Mark Lutter, June 2014
 * How Far Can the P2P Revolution Go? by Jeffrey A. Tucker, October 2014
 * Fifty More Ways to Leave Leviathan by Max Borders, Jeffrey A. Tucker, December 2014
 * Early American Government Ran on Lotteries, Not Taxes by Sarah Laskow, May 2017