Australia
| Country summary | |
|---|---|
|
Capital |
Canberra |
|
Borders |
(N/A) |
|
Government type |
federal parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm |
|
Population |
21,262,641 (July 2010 est.)[1] |
|
Population growth |
1.195% (2010 est.)[1] |
|
Life expectancy |
81.63 years[1] |
|
Unemployment |
5.6% (2009 est.)[1] |
|
3[2] | |
|
8[3] | |
|
9[4] | |
Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECD's fastest growing economies during the 1990s, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s. Long-term concerns include climate-change issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer and more frequent droughts, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.[1]
Economical characteristics
- Currency: Australian dollar (ISO code: AUD)
- Central bank discount rate: 4% (31 March 2010)[1]
- Commercial banks lending rate: 6.02% (31 December 2009 )[1]
- Stock of money (M1): $248.5 billion (31 December 2008)[1]
- Quasi money (with M1 makes M2): $617 billion (31 December 2008)[1]
Notable events:
- Banking crisis: 1828, 1843, 1893, 1931, 1989
- Public default: 1932 (external), (domestic)
- Years in inflation: 2.8% (share of years 1901-2009 with annual inflation above 20 per cent per annum)[5]
Statistics
| Statistic / Year | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP (million USD)[6] | 380 849 | 405 111 | 369 895 | 384 949 | 455 256 | 598 486 | 674 817 | 724 359 | 820 974 | 1 015 220 |
| Govt. debt (% of GDP)[7] | 29.946 | 28.384 | 26.312 | 24.388 | 23.462 | 21.580 | 21.196 | 20.478 | 19.420 | |
| Govt. revenue (% of GDP)[8] | 24.188 | 24.885 | 25.937 | 25.082 | 25.373 | 25.525 | 25.808 | 25.753 | 25.382 | |
| Govt. expenses (% of GDP)[9] | 23.619 | 23.102 | 25.268 | 25.518 | 24.613 | 24.660 | 24.586 | 23.952 | 23.624 | |
| Debt to revenue (years) | 1.238 | 1.141 | 1.014 | 0.972 | 0.925 | 0.845 | 0.821 | 0.795 | 0.765 |
References
Note: statistical data was rounded. Different sources may use different methodologies for their estimates. Debt to revenue is calculated by dividing the two variables from their original ('unrounded') values. It represents how long it would a government take to repay its entire debt if it used its whole revenue for this purpose.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 CIA - The World Factbook. "Australia", from The World Factbook. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ Heritage Foundation. "Australia", Economic Freedom Score. A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ Transparency International. "Australia", Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. A lower ranking is better; but please note that the numbers cannot be compared between countries or years due to different methodology. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ Doing Business. "Australia", Doing Business 2010 (part of The World Bank Group). A lower ranking is better; but please be careful when comparing between different countries or years. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ Carmen M. Reinhart. "This Time is Different Chartbook: Country Histories on Debt, Default, and Financial Crises" (pdf), March 3, 2010, p. 19. (The list does not claim to be complete.) Referenced 2011-07-19.
- ↑ World Bank. "Australia: GDP", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ World Bank. "Australia: government debt", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ World Bank. "Australia: government revenue", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-05.
- ↑ World Bank. "Australia: government expenses", from World Bank Data. Referenced 2010-10-05.
Links
- Australia on Wikipedia
- Central bank of Australia
- BBC country profile
- Pro-Carbon Tax Economists Lash Out at Australia Study by Robert Murphy, September 2013
- Australian Labor-Relations Sell-Out by Charles W. Baird, October 2005
- The New Socialism by John K. Williams, February 1988
- "The Minimum Wage: Are Economic Laws Valid in Australia?" by Mises Updates, November 2013
- Death of an Auto Industry by David Howden, March 2014
